In which type of memory are instructions and programs typically stored permanently inside the computer?

Read-only memory (ROM) is designed to permanently hold instructions and programs that are essential for the basic functions of a computer. Unlike RAM, which is volatile and loses its data when power is turned off, ROM retains its contents even when the system is powered down. This makes it ideal for storing firmware—the low-level software that interfaces directly with hardware—ensuring that critical startup processes and system checks can occur reliably each time the computer is turned on.

ROM is utilized in various forms, such as the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in computers, which is essential for initializing hardware and loading the operating system. This persistent storage characteristic of ROM is crucial for ensuring that the system can always access this foundational software, irrespective of the main memory’s state.

In contrast, while other memory types like cache and flash memory have their uses—cache memory for speeding up access to frequently used data, and flash memory for more flexible and rewritable storage—ROM specifically serves the function of securely and permanently storing vital program instructions.